*Compared to influenza and RSV.
^†Compared to influenza. Death counts are based on death certificate data received and coded by the National Center for Health Statistics as of April 11, 2024, counts of deaths involving influenza include deaths with pneumonia or COVID-19 also listed as a cause of death and deaths with confirmed or presumed COVID-19, coded to ICD -10 code U07.1.
^‡INFORM is a retrospective cohort study in England among individuals aged ≥12 years that used pseudonymised data extracted between 1 January and 30 June 2023 (general population N=12,024,035, immunocompromised population ≥4 COVID-19 vaccinations N=346,540, haematological malignancy ≥4 COVID-19 vaccinations with active treatment ≤6 months N=6,810, with recent treatment 6–12 months N=1,935, stem cell transplant ≤2 years N=1,030, ESKD patients ≥4 COVID-19 vaccinations N=15,115, organ transplant patients ≤5 years prior with ≥4 COVID-19 vaccinations N=4,810) and 1 January 2022 and 31 December 2022 (general population N=11,990,730, MS patients ≥3 COVID-19 vaccinations N=12,905) from electronic healthcare records from the National Health Service (NHS) on COVID-19 surveillance, immunocompromising conditions, vaccination status, and mortality.
^§COVID-19 hospitalisation was defined as ≥1 inpatient overnight stay with COVID-19 recorded as the primary diagnosis. Discharge and rehospitalisation within 7 days were considered to be the same event.
^¶Adjusted incidence rate ratio (aIRR): adjusted for age, sex, and number of non-immunocompromising comorbidities, comparing the incidence rate of individuals with the condition specified to the incidence rate in individuals who do not have the condition specified. Crude incidence rates per 100 person-years are 2.79 (95% CI:2.45–3.13), 2.09 (95% CI: 1.46–2.72), 1.96 (95% CI: 1.09–2.83), 1.08 (95% CI:0.85–1.31), 1.01 (95% CI: 0.61–1.41), 1.28 (95% CI: 1.11–1.45) for haematological malignancy patients with active treatment ≤6 months prior, with recent treatment 6–12 months, stem cell transplant ≤2 years prior, ESKD, organ transplant and MS, respectively.



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